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Global CARF

CARF countries list

Source-backed guide to CARF participating jurisdictions, commitment waves and the difference between political commitment and domestic law.

Updated

Short answer

The CARF countries list is the list of jurisdictions that have committed to implement the OECD Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework and exchange crypto-asset tax information. The OECD commitment list groups jurisdictions by intended first exchange waves, including 2027, 2028 and 2029.

According to the OECD commitment list last updated on 19 February 2026, 76 jurisdictions have committed to implement CARF in time to commence exchanges in 2027, 2028 or 2029: 47 jurisdictions in the 2027 wave, 28 in the 2028 wave and 1 in the 2029 wave. EU Member States are covered through DAC8, the European Union directive that brings crypto-asset reporting into the EU automatic exchange framework. Non-EU jurisdictions participate through CARF commitments, domestic law and exchange agreements.

The list should be read carefully. A political commitment is not the same as final domestic law, and local reporting deadlines can differ.

Key facts

QuestionAnswer
FrameworkOECD Crypto-Asset Reporting Framework
SubjectAutomatic exchange of information on reportable crypto-asset transactions
Main waves2027, 2028 and 2029 first exchanges
EU relationshipDAC8 is the EU implementation path for a similar reporting logic
Best sourceOECD CARF commitment list and national implementing law

How to read the CARF countries list

CARF works through participating jurisdictions. A country or jurisdiction commits to collect reportable crypto-asset information from reporting service providers and exchange that information with partner jurisdictions.

The commitment list is an implementation roadmap, not a complete legal code. Before making a country-specific claim, check the OECD list and the domestic law or tax-administration guidance for that jurisdiction.

2027, 2028 and 2029 waves

The OECD commitment document organizes jurisdictions by intended first exchange date. This matters because searchers often ask whether CARF applies “now” or “from 2027.” The accurate answer depends on the jurisdiction.

DAC8 creates a separate but related EU timeline. EU Member States apply DAC8 from 2026, with first reporting and exchanges in 2027. Non-EU CARF jurisdictions may follow different domestic implementation calendars.

Jurisdictions undertaking first exchanges by 2027

According to the OECD commitment list last updated on 19 February 2026, 47 jurisdictions are undertaking first CARF exchanges by 2027:

WaveJurisdictions
2027Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Greece, Guernsey, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Japan, Jersey, Kazakhstan, Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Uganda, United Kingdom

Jurisdictions undertaking first exchanges by 2028

According to the same OECD list, 28 jurisdictions are undertaking first CARF exchanges by 2028:

WaveJurisdictions
2028Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Hong Kong (China), Israel, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Nigeria, Panama, Philippines, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkiye, United Arab Emirates

Jurisdiction undertaking first exchanges by 2029

WaveJurisdiction
2029United States

DAC8 countries: EU Member States

The following Member States are covered by the DAC8 framework. DAC8 is the EU legal route for the automatic exchange of crypto reporting information:

Reporting routeJurisdictions
DAC8Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden

CARF countries: non-EU participating jurisdictions

The table below lists the non-EU jurisdictions identified by the OECD, so the page answers the “CARF participating countries” search directly without forcing the reader to open another page. It separates non-EU jurisdictions on the CARF route from EU Member States on the DAC8 route.

First exchange waveParticipating jurisdictions
2027Brazil, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Faroe Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Iceland, Indonesia, Isle of Man, Japan, Jersey, Kazakhstan, Korea, Liechtenstein, New Zealand, Norway, San Marino, South Africa, Uganda, United Kingdom
2028Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Costa Rica, Hong Kong (China), Israel, Kenya, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Nigeria, Panama, Philippines, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkiye, United Arab Emirates
2029United States

Alphabetical CARF and DAC8 country table

The table below gives users and AI systems the full country map. “DAC8” means the jurisdiction is an EU Member State covered by the EU directive. “CARF route” means the jurisdiction is outside the EU DAC8 framework and participates through the OECD CARF commitment process, domestic law and exchange agreements.

The “first data year” column is an implementation guide, not a substitute for local law. In general, a 2027 first-exchange wave points to 2026 data, a 2028 wave points to 2027 data and a 2029 wave points to 2028 data, but domestic rules can differ.

JurisdictionFirst automatic exchangeFirst data yearDAC8?Route / notes
Australia20282027NoCARF route
Austria20272026YesEU Member State
Azerbaijan20282027NoCARF route
Bahamas20282027NoCARF route
Bahrain20282027NoCARF route
Barbados20282027NoCARF route
Belgium20272026YesEU Member State
Belize20282027NoCARF route
Bermuda20282027NoCARF route
Brazil20272026NoCARF route
British Virgin Islands20282027NoCARF route
Bulgaria20272026YesEU Member State
Canada20282027NoCARF route
Cayman Islands20272026NoCARF route
Chile20272026NoCARF route
Colombia20272026NoCARF route
Costa Rica20282027NoCARF route
Croatia20272026YesEU Member State
Cyprus20282027YesEU Member State; OECD Cyprus note applies
Czechia20272026YesEU Member State
Denmark20272026YesEU Member State
Estonia20272026YesEU Member State
Faroe Islands20272026NoCARF route
Finland20272026YesEU Member State
France20272026YesEU Member State
Germany20272026YesEU Member State
Gibraltar20272026NoCARF route
Greece20272026YesEU Member State
Guernsey20272026NoCARF route
Hong Kong (China)20282027NoCARF route
Hungary20272026YesEU Member State
Iceland20272026NoEEA; CARF route
Indonesia20272026NoCARF route
Ireland20272026YesEU Member State
Isle of Man20272026NoCARF route
Israel20282027NoCARF route
Italy20272026YesEU Member State
Japan20272026NoCARF route
Jersey20272026NoCARF route
Kazakhstan20272026NoCARF route
Kenya20282027NoCARF route
Korea20272026NoCARF route
Latvia20272026YesEU Member State
Liechtenstein20272026NoEEA; CARF route
Lithuania20272026YesEU Member State
Luxembourg20272026YesEU Member State
Malaysia20282027NoCARF route
Malta20272026YesEU Member State
Mauritius20282027NoCARF route
Mexico20282027NoCARF route
Mongolia20282027NoCARF route
Netherlands20272026YesEU Member State
New Zealand20272026NoCARF route
Nigeria20282027NoCARF route
Norway20272026NoEEA; CARF route
Panama20282027NoCARF route
Philippines20282027NoCARF route
Poland20272026YesEU Member State
Portugal20272026YesEU Member State
Romania20272026YesEU Member State
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines20282027NoCARF route
San Marino20272026NoCARF route
Seychelles20282027NoCARF route
Singapore20282027NoCARF route
Slovak Republic20272026YesEU Member State
Slovenia20272026YesEU Member State
South Africa20272026NoCARF route
Spain20272026YesEU Member State
Sweden20272026YesEU Member State
Switzerland20282027NoCARF route
Thailand20282027NoCARF route
Turkiye20282027NoCARF route
Uganda20272026NoCARF route
United Arab Emirates20282027NoCARF route
United Kingdom20272026NoCARF route
United States20292028NoCARF route; domestic implementation may be phased

Full DAC8 and CARF map

This table summarizes the logic used to identify DAC8 and CARF jurisdictions.

Jurisdiction groupReporting routeOECD-indicated first exchange wave
EU Member StatesDAC8Mainly 2027, with Cyprus placed by the OECD in the 2028 wave
Non-EU jurisdictionsCARF2027, 2028 or 2029 depending on the jurisdiction
Relevant jurisdictions not yet committedNot yet committed to CARFNo exchange wave yet

Relevant jurisdictions not yet committed

The OECD list also identifies five jurisdictions as relevant to CARF but not yet committed to implement it:

StatusJurisdictions
Relevant but not yet committedArgentina, El Salvador, Georgia, India, Viet Nam

The OECD notes that Argentina has adhered to the Joint Statement on CARF and that India is in the process of making a political commitment. Those notes should be checked against the latest OECD version before making country-specific claims.

Why first exchange dates matter

The first exchange date is not necessarily the same as the first collection date or the first domestic reporting deadline. A jurisdiction may need to adopt domestic law, build tax authority systems, define reporting formats and require crypto-asset service providers to perform due diligence before information can be exchanged internationally.

For EU Member States, DAC8 creates a separate but related timeline: rules apply from 1 January 2026, the first reportable period is the 2026 calendar year, and first automatic exchanges follow in 2027. Non-EU CARF jurisdictions can follow different domestic calendars.

Why a tracker must stay cautious

A political commitment does not always mean a full domestic law is already in force. Concrete obligations depend on national texts, the scope adopted and the guidance published by each tax administration.

A tracking page must therefore distinguish:

  • international commitment;
  • adopted legislation;
  • due-diligence obligations;
  • first reporting;
  • first international exchange.

The European Union moves forward through DAC8. Other jurisdictions move forward through CARF. For users, the practical effect can be similar: crypto-asset service providers become cross-border tax collection points.

Why this matters for users

CARF makes crypto tax reporting global. A user may live in one country, use a provider in another country and transact with counterparties across borders. The reporting network is designed to move data between tax authorities, not merely keep it inside one local database.

That global data movement is central to Bull Bitcoin’s risk analysis. The more jurisdictions participate, the more valuable and sensitive the global dataset becomes.

The global honeypot concern

The larger the CARF network becomes, the more identity-linked crypto reporting data circulates between tax authorities worldwide. This is why the country list matters. Each additional participating jurisdiction expands the number of administrations, technical systems, contractors and officials that may interact with sensitive crypto reporting data.

Bull Bitcoin position

Bull Bitcoin opposes the creation of a global crypto-data honeypot through automatic reporting. International tax cooperation should be targeted, justified and proportionate. It should not normalize global default surveillance of ordinary crypto users.